Healthy eyes unexpectedly harbour virus

Researchers at the Lions Eye Institute (LEI) have discovered that contrary to expectations, a common virus triggers long-lasting inflammation in the eyes of hosts with a healthy immune system.

Healthy eyes have been considered largely inaccessible to viruses, as well as “immune privileged”, meaning that exposure to a foreign antigen, such as a virus, should not trigger an inflammatory response. Outbreaks of viral diseases like Ebola and Zika have raised the possibility that viruses can cause enduring infections in the eye, but this was thought to be a feature of exotic viral infections.

Published in the medical journal PLOS Pathogens, the study by the LEI’s experimental immunology research group focused on cytomegalovirus. Cytomegalovirus infections are common, with more than half of the adult population carrying the virus, but clinical symptoms are usually seen only in patients with compromised immune systems. Once a person is infected, the virus enters a dormant state in organs such as the lung. In people with healthy immune systems, tissues like the eyes have been thought to be inaccessible to the virus.

However, LEI researchers discovered that infecting healthy mice with cytomegalovirus resulted in broad ocular infection, chronic inflammation and establishment of a dormant pool of virus in the eye. Lead researcher Valentina Voigt says, “Our findings identify the eye as an unexpected reservoir for cytomegalovirus and suggest that common viruses may target the eye more frequently than appreciated. They also highlight that cytomegalovirus infection triggers sustained inflammatory responses in the eye, including the neural retina.”

Co-author and LEI director of research, Professor Mariapia Degli-Esposti, said the research on mice was a reliable model for human cytomegalovirus infection. “Since the mouse model of cytomegalovirus infection faithfully recapitulates most of the pathologies seen in people after infection with human cytomegalovirus, this study represents an important advance in understanding the full impact of this infection, especially in healthy subjects,” she said.

While more research is needed to see whether these unexpected findings extend to humans, they suggest that researchers and doctors may need to rethink the effects of cytomegalovirus - and, potentially, other viruses - on the eyes. Some eye problems caused by dormant or reactivated cytomegalovirus in people with healthy immune systems could be misdiagnosed, leading to improper treatment that could damage vision.