Snow, science and sight: ARVO 2026

Washington University in St. Louis powerhouse couple Professors Cecilia and Aaron Lee presented a stunning keynote address on the evolution of research towards big data and machine learning. Describing their origins in paper-notes-based research, they took the audience on a journey through their research’s evolution into large datasets and the analytical tools needed to interrogate them. Their recent research, AI-readi (artificial intelligence ready and exploratory atlas for diabetes insights), created an exceptionally comprehensive dataset focusing on type 2 diabetes in 4,000 patients. This not only includes detailed ophthalmic clinical phenotyping, but multiple systemic, lifestyle and environmental markers, and includes patients with a range of disease severity, including non-diabetics. The research is aimed at a better understanding of factors that contribute to health as well as to disease progression.

NAMs

New approach methodologies (NAMs) were a theme throughout the meeting, including in the update address from Michael Chiang, director of the National Eye Institute. NAMs aim to reduce reliance on animal models by using cell-based assays, organoids, organ-on-chip technology and in-silico and AI computational methods. They are faster, scientifically robust, more human-relevant and provide platforms for both studying disease and developing novel therapies.

Gene-agnostic therapies

Many phase 3 studies were presented on gene therapies, which typically use a viral vector delivered by subretinal injection. Alternative routes and gene-agnostic (not specific to that gene) therapies were also prominent. Given the hundreds of genes involved in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) alone, therapies that benefit any RP genotype have huge potential. This is particularly relevant for the rarest subtypes, for which the cost of developing gene-specific treatment is prohibitive but also for the approximately 30% of patients for whom current genetic testing does not achieve a molecular diagnosis.

Gene-agnostic therapies presented included an oral treatment with an antioxidant derived from N-acetylcysteine. Phase 1/2 results showed that it was safe and reduced ellipsoid zone loss over 24 months for patients with Usher-related RP but is considered generalisable to all RP. A phase 3 randomised controlled trial (SLO-RP) comparing this treatment against placebo is now planned in Australia and the US.

Optogenetics treatment with MCO-010 (Nanoscope Therapeutics) involves an intravitreal injection of an adeno-associated virus 2 vector carrying an opsin gene that transfects the inner retina – specifically the bipolar cells to turn them into light-sensing cells. Professor Vinit Mahajan from Stanford presented three-year REMAIN follow-up data from the phase 2b/3 RESTORE trial, in which patients with advanced RP received a single injection of MCO-010. On average, patients gained three ETDRS lines (0.3 logMAR) of vision and the treatment effect was sustained and safe.

A potential treatment for NAION

Professor Joyce Liao from Stanford presented a potential treatment for non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION), the commonest cause of acute optic neuropathy in patients older than 50 years and currently without any proven treatment. She presented retrospective data on patients with NAION treated with high-dose niacinamide (water-soluble vitamin B3) tablets. An animal model found niacinamide increased mitochondrial transport along the optic nerve and increased retinal ganglion cell survival. The retrospective data on 90 patients found an average improvement in visual acuity of three lines from baseline. A phase 2/3 prospective randomised controlled trial (Namaste) is now recruiting patients presenting fewer than 30 days from onset of symptoms. Given the lack of treatment for NAION, this could be hugely impactful.