The most severe forms of chronic dry eye disease (DED) are often caused by underlying immune-mediated diseases. These can be visually debilitating in some cases and treatment may be challenging. Dry eye disease may result directly or indirectly from these conditions, some of which are summarised below. In general, these conditions often require treatment with systemic and/or topical anti-inflammatory medications to reduce the severity of dry eye, particularly in the acute phases of disease.
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